Part of HuffPost Education. This broke up the charge and sent General Wilson sprawling to the ground when his favorite horse was wounded. The racial makeup of the city was 70.68% Black or African American, 28.77% White, 0.10% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Many soldiers were struck down with clubbed muskets, but they kept pouring into the works with their greater numbers. [clarification needed] [7]. The Federals suffered many casualties (including General Long) but continued their attack. Cultural events are held at the Performing Arts Center, and the Selma Art Guild Gallery. Defying intimidation, economic retaliation, arrests, firings and beatings, an ever-increasing number of Dallas County blacks tried to register to vote, but few were able to do so under the subjective system administered by whites. As the Selma fortifications were built to be defended by 20,000 men, Forrest's soldiers had to stand 10 to 12 feet (3.7 m) apart to try to cover the works. The last one, on 25 March 1965, brought together about 25,000 people who marched from Selma to Montgomery, up to the state capitol. As a result of the focus on King, two of the civil rights movement's more powerful vignettes, both covered in the documentary Eyes on the Prize, are left out of the movie. What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement which reaches into every section and State of America. There was a downturn after restructuring in industry that had done well into the 1960s. Some historians and political participants argue that the movie unfairly portrays President Johnson as a too pragmatic of a politician who used racial slurs and was willing to postpone legislation ensuring voting rights for African Americans. Nearly half of Selma's residents were black, but because of the restrictive electoral laws and practices in place since the turn of the century, only one percent were registered to vote, preventing them from serving on juries or serving in local office. The march was organised by Martin Luther King Jr., American Baptist minister and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. The activists were attempting to walk 50 miles from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to protest voter suppression of African Americans. Why. King pulled the marchers back from entering the county and having another confrontation with county and state forces. From the West Alabama News Network– Preparations for the Annual Bridge Crossing Jubilee are underway in Selma. What Happened In Selma Alabama. Meanwhile, General Upton, observing Long's success, ordered his division forward. The SCLC leaders left having organized the citizens of Selma and further efforts to petition the governor died down. Actually Johnson was renown as a potty mouth who openly referred to Blacks as "niggers." In June 1893, a lynch mob numbering 100 men seized "a black man named Daniel Edwards from the Selma jail, hanged him from a tree, and fired multiple rounds into his body" for allegedly becoming intimate with a white woman. The city and rural region have struggled economically, as agriculture does not provide enough jobs. County law enforcement was run by an elected county sheriff, whose jurisdiction included the grounds of the county courthouse. When the war ended three weeks later, they were en route to Columbus and Macon, Georgia. On March 7, 1965—the day now known as Bloody Sunday—a group of civil rights activists were brutally attacked by members of law enforcement during a peaceful march across Edmund Pettus Bridge. Much has changed since 1965. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman first made an effort to reach it, but after advancing from the west as far as Meridian, Mississippi, within 107 miles (172 km) of Selma, his forces retreated back to the Mississippi River. Governor George Wallace had vowed that the march would not be permitted. Obama credits Selma march for his existence. Anonymous. The council's members were elected at-large by the entire city, and the white majority had managed to control the elections. 0 0. This is not a movie review, although I do discuss the movie Selma. Selma to Montgomery is a national historic trail in Alabama which traces the march of non-violent supporters of equal… The Federal commander's plan was for Upton to send in a 300-man detachment after dark to cross the swamp on the Confederate right; enter the works, and begin a flanking movement toward the center moving along the line of fortifications. After they passed over the crest of the Edmund Pettus Bridge and left the boundaries of the city, they were confronted by county sheriff's deputies and state troopers, who attacked them using tear gas, horses and billy clubs, and drove them back across the bridge. White families in Selma, and some of the more affluent Black families, send their children to the better performing Meadowview Christian School where the student population is over 90% White. But history is much more complicated. Once the Union Army reached the works, there was vicious hand-to-hand fighting. The Confederate forces were defeated during the Battle of Selma, in the final full month of the war. In 1935, Joe Spinner Johnson, a leader of the Alabama Sharecroppers Union, which worked from 1931 to 1936 to get better pay and treatment from white planters, was beaten by a mob near his field, taken to the jail in Selma and beaten more; his body was left in a field near Greensboro.[8]. At 5 pm, however, Gen. Eli Long's ammunition train in the rear was attacked by advance elements of Forrest's scattered forces approaching Selma. Beginning in January 1965, SCLC and SNCC initiated a revived voting-rights campaign designed to focus national attention on the systematic denial of black voting rights in Alabama, and particularly in Selma. 0 1. He is still at the bottom, despite the few who have penetrated to slightly higher levels. In 1732, they recorded the site of present-day Selma as Écor Bienville. High crime rates and segregated, poor quality education, are major problems in Selma today. Marching in the front row with King were Rev. By March 1966, a year after the Selma-to-Montgomery marches, nearly 11,000 blacks had registered to vote in Selma, where 12,000 whites were registered. After the Supreme Court case Smith v. Allwright (1944) ended the use of white primaries by the Democratic Party, the Alabama state legislature passed a law giving voting registrars more authority to challenge prospective voters under the literacy test. Wilson sent a brigade to destroy the bridge across the Cahaba River at Centreville, which cut off most of Forrest's reinforcements from reaching the area. To the west, many Confederate soldiers fought the pursuing Union Army all the way down to the eastern side of Valley Creek. They succeeded in overmounting the defenses and soon U.S. flags could be seen waving over the works from Range Line Road to Summerfield Road. Mar 1, 2020, 8:12 pm As a teacher and teacher educator, I hope other teachers find this useful as they plan Martin Luther King Day lessons. Selma Interpretive Centre marks the beginning of the National Historic … As of the 2010 census, there were 20,756 people living in the city. The late US Rep. John Robert Lewis made his final journey on Sunday across the famous bridge in Selma, Alabama, where the towering civil rights … Delays caused by flooding, plus earlier contact with the enemy, resulted in Forrest's mustering fewer than 2,000 men, many of whom were not war veterans but home militia consisting of old men and young boys. The state ranks 49th in school funding and since 2008 leads the nation in state budget cuts to public education. The Confederates abandoned the depot as well as the inner line of works. [13], In the summer of 1964, a sweeping injunction issued by local judge James Hare barred any gathering of three or more people under sponsorship of SNCC, SCLC or DCVL, or with the involvement of 41 named civil rights leaders. The federal government provided protection in the form of National Guard and military troops. The population density was 1,479.6 square miles (3,832 km2). Now, you can experience the legacy of those who changed history through the U.S. Civil Rights Movement. Selma To Build Monument Honoring KKK Founder", "Monument to Civil War general, Ku Klux Klan leader triggers controversy", "SelmaDallas County Public Library Main Page", "Selma, 50 years after march, remains a city divided", National Voting Rights Museum and Institute, Institute of Southern Jewish Life, History of Selma, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selma,_Alabama&oldid=996864186, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Selma was featured in the 1999 Disney television movie, This page was last edited on 28 December 2020, at 23:53. Frank Minis Johnson, Jr., the federal district court judge for the area who reviewed the injunction, decided in favor of the demonstrators, saying: The law is clear that the right to petition one's government for the redress of grievances may be exercised in large groups ... and these rights may be exercised by marching, even along public highways. There were 9,264 housing units at an average density of 668.3 per square mile (258.0/km2). This would be prior to the march on March 7, 1965 March from Selma to Montgomery, AL. What happened in Selma. In the 20th century, African-Americans were also lynched for labor-organizing activities. Anonymous. This injunction temporarily halted civil-rights activity until Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. defied it by speaking to a crowd about the struggle at Brown Chapel AME Church on January 2, 1965. [12], Against fierce opposition from Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark and his volunteer posse, blacks continued their voter registration and desegregation efforts, which expanded during 1963 and the first part of 1964. At prominent positions, earthen forts were built with artillery in position to cover the ground over which an assault would have to be made. What started as a virtual funeral, was transformed into a victory celebration as people joined together in singing "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around." Selma is a city in and the county seat of Dallas County, in the Black Belt region of south central Alabama and extending to the west. Tap here to turn on desktop notifications to get the news sent straight to you. We also know that during the 1964 Democratic Party National Convention in Atlantic City he actively pressured key delegates and his lieutenants to push aside Black demands for greater representation at the convention. The movie Selma, directed by Ava DuVernay and starring David Oyelowo as Martin Luther King, Jr. was nominated for Academy Awards including best picture and best original song. The racial makeup of the city was 80.3% Black or African American, 18.0% White, 0.20% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.1% other races, 0.80% from two or more races and Hispanics or Latinos, of any race, comprised 0.60% of the population. The Jim Crow laws and customs were enforced with violence. This activism generated national attention for social justice and that summer, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed by Congress to authorize federal oversight and enforcement of constitutional rights of all American citizens. Later Anglo-Americans called it the Moore's Bluff settlement. [10], In early 1963, Bernard Lafayette and Colia Lafayette of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began organizing in Selma alongside local civil rights leaders Sam, Amelia and Bruce Boynton, Rev. It was the 55th anniversary of “Bloody Sunday,” when state troopers viciously attacked black civil rights activists who marched over the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma. Before discovery and settlement, the area of present-day Selma had been inhabited for thousands of years by various warring tribes of Native Americans. Legal. Overall, the district is ranked number 85 out of 100 school districts in the state. In less than 30 minutes, Long's men had captured the works protecting the Summerfield Road. What was the first date that protesters were assembled in Selma, AL on the Court House steps having their picture taken by National TV (NBC). Museums in the city include Sturdivant Hall, the National Voting Rights Museum, Historic Water Avenue, Martin Luther King, Jr. Street Historic Walking Tour, Old Depot Museum, Joe Calton Bates Children Education and History Museum, Vaughan-Smitherman Museum and Heritage Village. For every 100 females, there were 78.2 males. 29 … Whites made up one-third of the marchers. The events at Selma helped increase public support for the cause; later that year the U.S. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a bill introduced, supported and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This march represented one of the political and emotional peaks of the modern civil-rights movement. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.10. The official website of Selma Alabama describes it as the "Queen City of the Black Belt" and the "Butterfly Capital of Alabama." Anderson of Tabernacle Baptist Church, J.L. The current mayor is Darrio Melton. The Mayor of Selma, George Patrick Evans, is African American, as is the City Council president, seven of the ten members of the City Council, the Chief of Police, and all five members of the school board. Industries in Selma include International Paper, Bush Hog (agricultural equipment), Plantation Patterns, American Apparel, and Peerless Pump Company (LaBour), Renasol, and Hyundai. Highway 80, which runs east and west through Selma and the state has reflected this in naming patterns. Selma was incorporated in 1820. He was forced to retreat. 22 terms. The name, meaning "high seat" or "throne",[4] came from the Ossianic poem The Songs of Selma. King and other civil-rights leaders filed for court protection for a third, larger-scale march from Selma to Montgomery, the state capital. The Selma Voting Rights Struggle: 15 Key Points from Bottom-Up History and Why It Matters Today. Forrest's defenders consisted of his Tennessee escort company, McCullough's Missouri Regiment, Crossland's Kentucky Brigade, Roddey's Alabama Brigade, Frank Armstrong's Mississippi Brigade, General Daniel W. Adams' state reserves, and the citizens of Selma who were "volunteered" to man the works. Selma is located at 32°24′26″N 87°1′16″W / 32.40722°N 87.02111°W / 32.40722; -87.02111,[18] west of Montgomery. People turned their backs on Michael Bloomberg during his Selma speech The billionaire was speaking in front of a historically Black church in Alabama. I agree with an essay SUNY Geneseo professor of history Emilye Crosby wrote for the Zinn Education Project that the biggest problem with the movie is that its intense focus on the role of Martin Luther King and the first three months of 1965 takes attention away from the long struggle by the people of Selma and many others active in the Civil Rights movement to bring the issue of African American voting rights to a head in the United States. Taylor did so after giving Forrest command of the defense. Charter Communications provides cable television service. Alabama “What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement which reaches into every section and State of America. Walk in the footsteps of civil rights legends such as Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King … In August 2012, plans were announced to build a larger monument, more resistant to vandalism, but many African Americans object to it because of his established history as a postwar leader with the KKK and his earlier involvement in the massacre of black Union troops at Fort Pillow. [9] All the members of the city council were elected by at-large voting. An Auburn man caught on camera while storming the U.S. Capitol Jan. 6 is now facing charges from the federal government, including civil disorder, entering a … In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. [24] It was torn down in 2012, reflecting the continuing controversy about him. Selma Interpretive Centre. The Black Belt, Dallas County, and Selma Alabama. The 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2) library is in downtown Selma.[27]. As in other southern states, white Democrats regained political power in the mid-1870s after suppressing black voting through violence and fraud; Reconstruction officially ended in 1877 when federal troops were withdrawn. As a result of poor student performance, a state team has taken over day-to-day operation of the public schools headed by acting Superintendent Larry DiChiara, who is White. He had been invited by local leaders to help their movement.[14]. A year ago, Barack Obama addressed a group in Selma, AL commemorating the 1965 voting rights march. [23], As part of its Civil War history, a monument to native Nathan Bedford Forrest, a Confederate General, was installed in Old Live Oak Cemetery. Thousands joined the march along the way. However, my greatest concern with the story told in the movie Selma is that it presents the final march from Selma to the Alabama state capital in Montgomery and the Voting Rights Act as a triumphant conclusion to the African American Civil Rights Movement. Alabama Selma Edmund Pettus Bridge Edmund Pettus Bridge The Edmund Pettus Bridge, now a National Historic Landmark, was the site of the brutal Bloody Sunday beatings of civil rights marchers during the first march for voting rights. Finally, a Union cavalry charge broke the Confederate militia, causing Forrest to be flanked on his right. Because of the brutal attacks, this became known as "Bloody Sunday." Altogether Wilson had 9,000 troops available for the assault. Although director DuVernay stated that she intended the movie as art and not as history, I found no blatant inaccuracies, just some omissions. Wilson's forces captured a Confederate courier, who was found to be carrying dispatches from Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest describing his scattered forces. St. James Hotel and a portion of Water Avenue in Selma, Queen City of the Black Belt, Butterfly Capital of Alabama. It was also an important armaments-manufacturing and iron shipbuilding center for the Confederacy during the Civil War, surrounded by miles of earthen fortifications. They were anchored on the north and south by the Alabama River. Source(s): https://shrink.im/a08qq. On center stage in this version of the story is Martin Luther King. Social studies educator, Hofstra University, my opinions, of course, are my own, Sign up for membership to become a founding member and help shape HuffPost's next chapter. It is the effort of American Negroes to secure for themselves the full blessings of American life. Well, Selma was in the car with Louie and they drove off a cliff and died, that's what happened to Selma. The official website of Selma Alabama describes it as the "Queen City of the Black Belt" and the "Butterfly Capital of Alabama." [23][25][26], The Selma-Dallas County Public Library serves the city and the region with a collection of 76,751 volumes. The wall was high and deep, surrounded by a ditch and picket fence. Almost 60 percent of Dallas County children live below the poverty line. Insurgents tried to keep white supremacy over the freedmen, and most whites resented former slaves being granted the right to vote. YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE... Ch 26 Lesson 1 and 3. It is the effort of American Negroes to secure for themselves the full blessings of American life. All rights reserved. It was covered by national press and television news, reaching many American and international homes.[15]. Selma's Bloch Park was home to Southeastern League of Professional Baseball club the Selma Cloverleafs. A look at Selma, Alabama today, what has changed and what has not, points to the long road the United States and the American people still must travel to achieve the dream Martin Luther King spelled out in his 1963 speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. These stories are left out of the movie because King was not in Selma when they happened. I suspect that fifty years later, with increased school segregation, police attacks on Black men, continued poverty, and the loss of voting rights protection, Dr. King would give a very similar speech. Share this article on Twitter. Even where the door has been forced partially open, mobility for the Negro is still sharply restricted. Selma became the seat of Dallas County in 1866 and the county courthouse was built there. Selma schools are not just poorly performing by Alabama standards but the situation is even more dire because by some measures Alabama itself has one of the poorest performing school systems in the United States. Selma has four private K–12 schools: John T. Morgan Academy, founded in 1965, Meadowview Christian School, Ellwood Christian Academy, and Cathedral Christian Academy. After the outer works fell, General Wilson led the 4th U.S. Cavalry Regiment in a mounted charge down the Range Line Road toward the unfinished inner line of works. Reese, Marie Foster, and Amelia Boynton. Even boosters like state house speaker Mike Hubbard concede Alabama ranks in the bottom half of the states in student performance by every measure including 44th in overall K-12 student achievement. Just short of the bridge, they found their way blocked by Alabama State troopers and local police who ordered them to turn around. if he has a whole bunch of secret service. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. In the documentary we learn how during the "Bloody Sunday" police attack on marchers on Edmund Pettus Bridge, Hosea Williams, one of the march's leaders, carried an eight-year old girl to safety. In a national report on fair student funding, Alabama received a grade of "D," although it did get a "C" for effort. On March 30, 1865, Union General James H. Wilson detached Gen. John T. Croxton's brigade to destroy all Confederate property at Tuscaloosa. The Voting Rights Act was seen by White supporters of civil rights as a final victory, but for Blacks it brought little immediate change. On "Bloody Sunday" in 1965, Lewis was beaten by Alabama state troopers. The county courthouse and jail were scenes of numerous lynchings of African-Americans, as sometimes mobs would take prisoners from the jail and hang them before trial. Blacks were prevented from registering to vote by means of a literacy test, administered in a subjective way, as well as through economic retaliation organized by the White Citizens' Council in response to civil rights activism, Ku Klux Klan violence and police repression. Activists planned a larger, more public march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery to publicize their cause. In 1996 it was designated as part of the 'National Civil Rights Trail' by President Bill Clinton and is administered by the National Park Service. Selma, Alabama. Violent crimes are more than double the national rate and crimes against property are 40% higher. Much has changed since 1965. The two high schools, Southside and Selma City have student populations that are virtually 100% African American. Help. Posted on 03/27/2008 10:36:25 AM PDT by TheDotte. Southside ranks in the bottom 25% percent of state high schools as measured by student performance; Selma in the bottom 12%. But, Long decided to begin his assault against the Selma fortifications to neutralize the enemy attack in his rear. The Confederacy's Greatest Cavalryman by Brian Steel Wills, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Southeastern League of Professional Baseball, "Selma, Alabama memorializes lynching victims, March 05, 2018", "Selma & the March to Montgomery-A Discussion November–June, 2004–2005", Ari Berman, "Fifty Years After Bloody Sunday in Selma, Everything and Nothing Has Changed", "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990", David J. Krajicek, "On the Road to Selma, a Jim Crow Relic", "Shameful! Two days after the first march, on March 9, 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr. led a symbolic march over the bridge. Ame church force to bear on Wilson were en route to Columbus and Macon, Georgia 80 leading Selma. 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