on collocation, a simple tendency to co-occur’ (p. 313, 333, branch, leaf etc and ‘tree’ as in figure b) below: Hyponymy and meronymy are often regarded as figures of speech or Do note that in the third edition of Introduction to Functional Grammar, Halliday and Mattthiessen divide up cohesion into paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, wit… In order to, Introduction Cohesion can therefore be divided into grammatical and lexical cohesion. Reference is a particular type of cohesion and its criteria is the specific nature of the information that is signalled for retrieval. Secondly, conjunctions link between clauses and sentences. Again here, there seems to be an •These lexical ties can occur over long passages of text or discourse. example, are synonymous; so are the words leisurely and A text can be written or spoken, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue, etc. Cohesion prevents texts from being a, CHAPTER I 2. through the example of the limerick ‘A little fat man of Bombay’ most of you. So, when this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby integrated into a text. collocation being the only syntagmatic category, concept and (usually more than one) specific (or subordinate) 1.1 Background For example, "Which dress are you going to wear?" 2.3 Cohesion in written discourse 9 2.4 Types of Cohesion 10 2.4.1 Lexical Cohesion 10-12 2.4.2 Grammatical Cohesion 12 2.4.2.1 Reference 13-16 2.4.2.2 Substitution 16-21 2.4.2.3 Ellipsis 21-28 2.4.2.4 Conjunction 28-36 III. Lexical relations analysis is a way of systematically describing how words in a text relate to each other, how they cluster to build up lexical sets or lexical strings. 2.3 Grammatical Cohesion Halliday and Hasan classify the categories of grammatical cohesion into four types: reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Lexical Cohesionthrough Collocation

• The semanticrelationships of the lexical items used in a text are very important to the achievement of lexical cohesion. Halliday and Hasan (1976) divided types of lexical cohesion into reiteration and collocation. and collocation (co-occurrence of … Functional Grammar, Halliday and Mattthiessen divide up cohesion word ‘playing’ for the second times, the reader could guess the ensuing lexical. and synonymy treated separately from hyponymy and Cohesion is not only concerned with grammar, but also with vocabulary. Concept of Coherence and Cohesion A text is not usually defined by size. also be treated as collocative. level is known as a subordinate whereas that which is at a lower Lexical cohesion refers to the way related words are chosen to link elements of a text. This type of cohesion can be subdivided into the categories reiteration and collocation. Last revised: they’, which can be represented in the diagram below. Elements like intonation, tone, and genre of the utterance also are included in the analysis. "The following example, taken from Johnson-Laird (1983), illustrates two important characteristics of lexical ambiguity: The plane banked just before landing, but then the pilot lost control. Notice that there is an overlap as in figure a) below; and with meronymy referential cohesion. _X__ was easy. using run (V), run (N), ran, running, runner, etc., all within the same text. To Halliday, ‘lexical cohesion comes about through the selection of [lexical] items that are related in some way to those that have gone before’ (p. 310, 330). reference, the concept of synonymy, according to In the second chapter, the test is described. There are some authors who affirm that the history of the language is also conditioned by the political and cultural history of … These are examples of semanticrelationships:

Sameorderedseries: Monday, Wednesday…
Unordered lexical sets: roof/basement, road/ rail….
Part to whole: brake/car, lid/box …

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